objective(s): the dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens changes during some stereotyped behaviors. to study dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens in intra infralimbic apomorphine-induced climbing, microdialysis probes were implanted into the nucleus accumbens shell of male sprague dawley rats weighting 275–400 g.   materials and methods: the rats were divided into two groups (apomorphine an...

The medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus serve well recognized roles in memory processing. The hippocampus projects densely to, and exerts strong excitatory actions on, the medial prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, the medial prefrontal cortex, in rats and other species, has no direct return projections to the hippocampus, and few projections to parahippocampal structures including the e...

the prefrontal cortex (pfc) plays a central role in processing both normal and pathological affective states and it is among the brain regions most closely associated with stress-related psychopathology in humans. the ventromedial pfc (vmpfc) in particular has been shown to be required for healthy emotional regulation, social function and risk assessment and decision-making. also this region ex...

conclusion distinct neurochemical and histological structure changes (cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical cycle) exist in patients with first-episode ocd. 1h-mrs is capable of identifying these changes by assessing metabolic abnormalities. objectives this study aims to use magnetic resonance spectroscopy (mrs) to discover substance-metabolism abnormalities of brain circuits in patients with firs...

Recent evidence suggests that rewarding and aversive stimuli affect the same brain areas, including medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Although nucleus accumbens is known to respond to salient stimuli, regardless of their hedonic valence, with selective increased dopamine release, little is known about the role of prefrontal cortex in reward- and aversion-related motivation or abou...

objective: this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin c on the histology and histochemistry of the prefrontal cortex of ethanol-induced rats. methods: male sprague-dawley rats were used for the study. ethical approval was obtained from the university’s ethical committee. the rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 rats each. rats in group a= free access to normal saline. rats in gr...

A dynamic interaction between the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (NAc) may be fundamental to regulation of goal-directed behavior by affective and cognitive processes. This study demonstrates that a mechanism for this triadic relationship is an inhibitory control by prefrontal cortex on accumbal dopamine release during amygdala activation. In freely moving rats, micros...

The historical bases of the definitions of the prefrontal cortex are reviewed (cytoarchitecture, electrical unexcitability, afferents from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus). Evidence is presented that the widely accepted proposal of Rose and Woolsey (1948) to name all cortex prefrontal that is reached by afferents from the mediodorsal nucleus is questionable for three reasons: the diversity of ...

Introduction: Ethanol can induce a wide spectrum of neurophysiological effects via interaction with multiple neurotransmitter systems and disruption of the balances between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters. Prefrontal cortex is involved in cognitive process including working memory and is sensitive to ethanol. Present study investigates the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) admini...

Introduction: The interaction between steroid hormones and neurotransmitters such as GABA has been proved. The regulation of muscimol binding to high-affinity GABAA receptors by estradiol and progesterone has been studied within distinct brain regions using in vitro quantitative autoradiography. There are few studies about the mechanism of the effect of steroid hormones on behaviors such as ...